Chemistry in Daily Life Essay

1.You feel hungry because of the satiety center in your brain falls short of particular hormones to function and then sends the signal of hunger. 2.You fall in love, get attracted and have a feeling of belonging because of certain monoamines present in your brain which get stimulated through nerve sensors. 3.If you have wondered, why is the sky blue, it is due to a phenomenon called the â€Å"Rayleigh scattering†, which depends on scattering of light through particles which are much smaller than the wavelength. Hence when light passes through gases, there is scattering and the sky appears blue. 4.Coffee keeps you awake because of the presence of a chemical called adenosine, in your brain. It binds to certain receptors and slows the nerve cell activity when sleep is signaled. 5.Anaerobic fermentation is also a great concept which is present in the chemistry of everyday life. It is present in yogurt, breads, cakes and many other baking products. It is the multiplication of certain useful bacteria which increase the size of the food and make it more filling and soft. 6.Soap is formed by molecules with a â€Å"head† which likes water (hydrophilic) and a long chain which hates it (hydrophobic). 7.Lactose is the main complex sugar found in the milk. It’s a pretty big compound formed by two smaller components: glucose and galactose. Such a big compound cannot get through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream, so we need â€Å"something† to break it into smaller pieces. This â€Å"something† is an enzime named lactase. The more milk and milk products we consume, the more lactase we need. 8.The iodised salt is a necessary intake. It prevents a disease called goitre. 9.In the garden we use sprays to kill insects from attacking our plants. 10.Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer. It isused as a leaf spray.

How the Human Brain Stores and Retrieves Memory Essay

Memory is the ability to encode, store and recall information. The three main processes involved in human memory are therefore encoding, storage and recall (retrieval). Additionally, the process of memory consolidation (which can be considered to be either part of the encoding process or the storage process) is treated here as a separate process in its own right. Encoding is a biological event beginning with perception through the senses. The process of laying down a memory begins with attention (regulated by the thalamus and the frontal lobe), in which a memorable event causes neurons to fire more frequently, making the experience more intense and increasing the likelihood that the event is encoded as a memory. Emotion tends to increase attention, and the emotional element of an event is processed on an unconscious pathway in the brain leading to the amygdala. Only then are the actual sensations derived from an event processed. Consolidation is the processes of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial acquisition. It may perhaps be thought of part of the process of encoding or of storage, or it may be considered as a memory process in its own right. It is usually considered to consist of two specific processes, synaptic consolidation (which occurs within the first few hours after learning or encoding) and system consolidation (where hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years. Storage is the more or less passive process of retaining information in the brain, whether in the sensory memory, the short-term memory or the more permanent long-term memory. Each of these different stages of human memory function as a sort of filter that helps to protect us from the flood of information that confront us on a daily basis, avoiding an overload of information and helping to keep us sane. The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to be retained in long-term memory (which is why, for example, studying helps people to perform better on tests). This process of consolidation, the stabilizing of a memory trace after its initial acquisition, is treated in more detail in a separate section. Recall or retrieval of memory refers to the subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. In common parlance, it is known as remembering. During recall, the brain â€Å"replays† a pattern of neural activity that was originally generated in response to a particular event, echoing the brain’s perception of the real event. In fact, there is no real solid distinction between the act of remembering and the act of thinking.

Applications For Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay

Applications For Integrated Circuits Information Technology Essay An integrated circuit is the name for collections of electronic components imbedded onto a single piece of silicon. Silicon is the base for most transistors, diodes and other semiconductors. It can also be used as a resistor, capacitor and coil. Each IC is designed to carry out certain tasks and the circuit is designed accordingly. The circuit is then printed or etched onto the silicon substrate and then into a plastic or ceramic enclosure. Applications Applications for integrated circuits are as varied as the imagination of the designers. Within limits, anything that can be designed and built with discrete components can be put into an IC. Audio amplifier, video processors, logic, memory, switches, radio frequency encoders and decoders are just a few examples. The range of IC applications is vast and growing daily. One of the major applications is computing. Computers that once had thousands of transistors have been reduced to a handful of ICs. The early computers that were the siz e of a building are now outperformed in almost every way by laptops and even handheld computers because of the use if ICs As ICs are developed, the design costs and production costs of equipment are reducing. Reliability increases as large parts of the final product are enclosed in single packages, reducing assembly errors, connection problems and size of circuit boards. It is now rare to see any electronic equipment that does not have at least one IC. Indeed, some have only one IC and require no other components of any kind. The real answer to the question is to look around. Wherever electronics are used, there is probably an IC inside Many integrated circuits can be found in almost every  electronic device. They function as timers, amplifiers, logic units, counters, calculators, temperature sensors, and radio receivers. Integrated circuit of  Atmel  Diopsis 740System on Chip  showing memory blocks, logic and input/output pads around the periphery Microchips (EPROM  memor y) with a transparent window, showing the integrated circuit inside. Note the fine silver-colored wires that connect the integrated circuit to the pins of the package. The window allows the memory contents of the chip to be erased, by exposure to strong  ultraviolet light  in an eraser device. In  electronics, an  integrated circuit  (also known as  IC,  chip, or  microchip) is a miniaturized  electronic circuit  (consisting mainly of  semiconductor devices, as well as  passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin  substrate  of  semiconductor  material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.  Computers,  cellular phones, and other  digital  appliances  are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits. A  hybrid integrated circuit  is a miniat urized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. A monolithic integrated circuit is made of devices manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into a single piece of semiconductor substrate, a chip.

The Linked of Democracy and Reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Linked of Democracy and Reason - Essay Example Therefore, the idea of democracy and reason are tightly linked and inseparable, since they affect human life concurrently. This is because in life man has to reason in order to make choices, since there is freedom of choice (among other human rights). An individual who believes in democracy also believes in the existence and need for proper reason in the society. The connection between the two notions is displayed in various scenarios as explained below. The Theban Messenger selects the extreme way to address his point on democracy. He likes the manner his boss rules people and considers it the perfect way to lead. He asserts that Theseus practices despotism. However, Theseus explains him the kind of leadership on his land where every person regardless of the social status is accorded an opportunity to rule yearly and in succession (Euripides 2). Thus, the city is not ruled by one person but by different people on a yearly basis. After being informed of the type of leadership in Theb es, the Theban herald describes the leadership style of King Creon. One person rules the country at a time, and no one is allowed to campaign and issue promises in order to be elected. Moreover, Creon does not allow the citizens to be twisted or used to one’s advantage. ... Theseus responds to the claims by asserting that the master of the herald practices despotism since there are no laws to be applied by everyone apart from the ruler, thus there is no democracy (Euripides 2). However, when such laws are written down, everybody respects and follows them, thereby ensuring equal justice. Moreover, the tyrant leader feels jealous of the young people and even kills them for fear of challenging his rule. Moreover, Theseus seeks to know the benefit of parents toiling for their kids while the king later kills them, thus enjoying the toil of the parents. Consequently, how can parents keep their virgin daughters when a tyrant king can rape them whenever he likes. Moreover, he wonders at the logic of raising children when a parent cannot protect them from destruction by the king. He concludes by claiming that he would prefer death if his children were treated in a similar manner (Euripides 2). Even though he might be having correct assertions, the Theban Messeng er should acknowledge the existence several ways of dealing with the issues he has raised concerning the subjects of his boss. For instance, he claims that the subjects lack proper education, which can aid them in making proper judgments (Euripides 2). However, the king can assist them by ensuring that everyone is accorded free and compulsory education, thereby ensuring that they make proper judgments on governance and democracy in their land. Consequently, he asserts that the subjects normally come from work when they are tired due to the strenuous time at work and thus, cannot participate in voting for leaders. However, the situation can be rectified by declaring the voting day a public holiday. This will ensure

Economic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic History - Essay Example One of the most major market failures in the world is the presence of imperfect information, and indicative planning is considered as being one of the best attempts that can be used in order to bridge this information gap. Basically, the aim of indicative planning is "to improve the performance of the economy by the provision of better economic information: forecasts or targets are published but compliance with them is voluntary. The underlying logic is that the plan, via collective action, can supply economically valuable information which, as a public good, the market mechanism does not disseminate efficiently" (Young & Holmes, 2000). There are many different reasons as to why it is believed that we need this indicative planning, and namely: if there were complete and efficient forward markets there would be little need for indicative planning or any shared set of assumptions because enterprises could use such markets to hedge the risks attendant on their investment decisions; the economic forecasts embodied in an indicative plan give both buyers and seller's confidence that the general levels of demand for products and supply of materials would be forthcoming; by identifying early the existence of any oversupply or bottlenecks, investment behavior can be modified in a timely fashion and the incidence of market disequilibria reduced; and both business and consumers can benefit from exercise in collective and consistent market research, which is freely distributed to all the relevant actors in the economy. (He, 2007). In regards to French indicative planning, there are many other issues that need to be discussed here, and the theory of French indicative planning is an issue which is of primary importance; the founder of the French indicative planning was a man named Pierre Masse, and it was he who actually introduced the concept of information pooling, where planners carry out 'generalized market research', thus allowing a common view of the future, and "This research involves consulting with leading actors in the economy for their input, a process called concertation. After this step the elements of the plan are adjusted to assure coherence and to guarantee policy coordination. The goal is concerted economy" (He, 2007). The French adoption of indicative planning had many steps involved within it, and this begins around the year 1500, when France surpassed China as being the nation with the largest GDP in the world; Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who was the finance minister under Louis XIV at that time, was pursuing strongly for aggressive and comprehensive governmental policies, and in fact, during this time, Colbertism became a word that was used to describe interventionalist state activity. Similarly, in the 19th century, France was considered as being a 'late' industrializer, and policy was more directed towards the nurturing and protecting of the industry as a whole. In 1830 France was surpassed by the UK; in 1936 a leftist regime came to power, led by L'eon Blum, and resulted in establishing a Ministry of

Share Price Prediction and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Share Price Prediction and Analysis - Essay Example The following is a critical review of such literature. In addition, the discussion applies a synthesis of two approaches/models identified to predict the share prices for Tesco Plc from the publications of the firm’s financial statements for 2008 and 2009. Lastly, this discussion attempts to test the approach by comparing these two sets of predictions with actual share prices. A concluding remark, which comments on the results, winds up the paper. Approaches/Models for Predicting Share Prices In short-term or medium-term, different models or approaches are used in predicting the future prices of shares of various companies. Share prices of companies may take different forms such as linear, horizontal, cyclic, or seasonal as influenced by prevailing market and environmental factors (Hassan, et al., 2007). Due to lack of prediction methods that provide least prediction error, investors tend to apply numerous methods thereby comparing their results in a bid to finding the best mo del or approach to use (Chen, et al., 2003). ... Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a share price prediction method that is commonly used. For many years, ANN has been developed and restructured in order to provide efficient and effective performances on predicting share prices of firms in a stock exchange for purposes of investment (Tom, et al, 2000). Nonetheless, most predictors used single dosage of ANN (Kim and Shin, 2007). Application of single dosage in predicting share prices rarely provides an opportunity to discover the decision rule that the model uses while making the predictions (Hassan, et al, 2007). Artificial Neural Network is a share price prediction model or approach, which is created through stimulation of biological central nervous system of investors or predictors (Swales and Yoon, 2002). One of the reasons explaining its extensive application is the ability to predict share prices from large databases (Olson and Mossman, 2003). The idea of back-propagation algorithm is the basis of Artificial Neural Network in predicting share prices of firms. ANN back propagation function is usually represented by the following function: Where, xi is the sum of inputs, which is multiplied by their respective weights wji; Aj is the predicted share value under the ANN model; and n is the end period in which the valuation is carried out. Decision tree (DT) model on the other hand is a data mining model or approach used in predicting or forecasting share prices within a stock exchange market. One of the reasons for its extensive application is the fact that DT has an excellent ability and capability of describing cause as well as effect relationships of various stock prices. From the concepts or application of DT, investors are

Who Gets to Let States Back into the Union Assignment

Who Gets to Let States Back into the Union - Assignment Example Later, Andrew Johnson, a ‘paragon’ of the Southern Unionism, was appointed the military governor of Tennessee by the President, Abraham Lincoln (Para 3). Johnson after being granted control of Tennessee started working for the assimilation of Tennessee with the Union by organizing a civil government based on the principles laid down in the constitution of the United States of America. He stunned his constituents by siding with the Republicans who favored oppressive Reconstruction for the South. Johnson took aggressive and stern action against those not willing to show allegiance to the Union by going to the extent of declaring execution of mutineers. He was very hard with the secessionist powers, and declared, â€Å"Treason must be made odious, and traitors must be punished.† (Para 4) He was firm in his belief that loyal Tennesseans would become role-models for Confederates to embrace the Union but he lacked the diplomacy of Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln presented in December 1863 the â€Å"Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction† plan, popularly named the 10 percent plan (Para 6). As per the plan, 10 percent of the population would take the oath of allegiance to the Union and government could be organized. Johnson wanted the â€Å"tall poppies† to fall down; he was least worried about the threats from cavalry leaders and citizens (Para 6). Johnson was severe in dealing with the Confederates and Unionists to swear that they â€Å"desire[d] the suppression of the present insurrection† (Para 6). After Johnson became the Vice-President, William Brownlow became the Governor but as the things turned out after the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became the President. His partial attitude towards white men became the reason for starting an ideological struggle in the White House for Reconstruction.  

Philosophy Reflective Writing Assignment (Five questions, Five Research Paper

Philosophy Reflective Writing Assignment (Five questions, Five Resposes for each, 500 words for each response - Research Paper Example I did not have to stay up so late and it certainly was not in my best interest; however I still chose the course of action. However, once you make that decision you are responsible for whatever happens as a result of that action or behavior. The idea that mankind has no free will is overall, both, frightening and dangerous perspective. If people are guided by a hand of fate and destiny then no matter what actions you take in the end you will always find yourself exactly where you were always going to be. In other words your actions are irrelevant, what will be, will be, regardless of one’s efforts or goals. This could easily breed generations of laziness. Why bother to try when it will all turn out the same no matter what we do. It, also, speaks to a lack of responsibility and accountability in our actions. In determinism for example, our decision are not really our own. We choose the only way we can give the choices before us. In other words, when a man kills another, the mur derer is not rally responsible; he had no choice but to as he did. No one would ever be held truly accountable for their actions (Greenstreet 1).We make choices, everyday, on subjects both simple and grand, and we are responsible for those decisions and their outcomes. ... What, biological imperative are we justifying in these cases. If they are not responsible for their actions then how can we detain them or isolate them from the population. Many pedophiles admit that they know that their desire for children is not right, but blame their natural inclination as outside their control. But, they know the laws and ethics, yet they choose to continue to do hurtful and harmful things to chidden. Anything but free will releases them of that responsibility and that is not a worthwhile world to create or participate in. In the question it asks if it is a fair trade to exchange free will for paradise or have free will knowing bad things may happen as a result. Whether something is good or bad is relative to those involved. The cat failing to catch the mouse perceives this outcome as bad, while the mouse thinks of it as pretty good. So every action, behavior, and choice has the potential to have good and bad results, regardless of intention or purpose, to differ ent people all at the same time. (final word count 572) Response 2 First and foremost, it is never going to be okay to sacrifice, lose, or in some way, cost the lives of others. In most cases those situations result not in if the decision is right, or good, but on how it rates on a scale as â€Å"lesser of two evils.† The alternative to that choice was much, much worse. However, when asked is it acceptable to allow the loss of one life in order to save the lives of 1000s? Yes, honestly, it is something that happens every day, usually voluntarily (Rosenstand). Many heroes, rescuers, and brave individuals have sacrificed themselves to save others. Assassination as a viable practice of resolving problems carries a whole other set of issues involving the taking of lives. However,

Reflection paper about residential school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection paper about residential school - Essay Example It seems the schools also had a larger purpose of eliminating the cultures of indigenous people in Canada. The problems started by sending the children to schools far away from home. Putting the native children far away from home and not allowing their parents to visit was psychologically devastating to the children. To worsen the situation, the government developed laws to force every child to attend school and forcefully remove children from school for the retraining. If the residential school system had good motives, then why force children to such schools. I think this was just a plot to remove the Indian culture by breaking the transmission chain through excluding children from their culture and putting them in complete isolation. The government’s slow response to the report issued by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People further highlights the ill motive of the residential school system. The report extensively elaborated the abuse and neglect facing the natives in these schools. The food was inadequate; there is poor sanitation; they were overcrowded; students were malnourished and often abused by the teachers. The children were also exposed to diseases both deliberately and from the poor conditions in the schools. Rape, murder, sterilization and forced electrocution were among the problems reported by the Commission (Cherrington 1). Therefore, one is left to wonder if these are schools or some form of government torturing facilities for suspected terrorists. The residential school was fair to the natives. Despite coming from different cultures, these children are not in any way entitled to be treated as animals. It is important for government and people to respect the ethnic backgrounds and cultures of different individuals. I do not see any reason for developing initiatives to eliminate the customs of the natives. Why even create the residential schools in the

Global Warming Challenge Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Challenge Essay One of the greatest challenges earth is facing is Global Warming. The global warming hypothesis orginated in 1896 when Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist, developed the theory that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to rise by trapping excess heat in the earth’s atmosphere. The term â€Å"Global Warming† signifies the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. The change in climatic conditions is one of the impacts of global warming. It is directly impacting on rising sea levels and the melting of ice. It is a threat to life on earth. The effects of global warming have been increasing significantly for the past decades. Climate change, devastation of the ecosystem, water contamination, melting ice over Arctic and Antarctic regions, negative impacts in the agricultural sector are just the problems caused by global warming. The reason behind this is human activities that lead to release of greenhouse gases. The concentration of greenhouse gases has significantly increased since 20th century. Some Scientists believe that there is an increase of 0.5 Celsius in earth’s temperature since 1900 and will continue to increase. The year 1990 was said to be the hottest year in the last century. We Human Beings have created an imbalance between life and nature that has led to flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If this imbalance continues, soon our life on earth would be difficult. The increase of Carbon-dioxide in air is one of the reasons for warming the earth’s surface. The most significant greenhouse gas is actually water vapor, not something produced directly by humankind in significant amounts. However, even slight increases in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) can cause a substantial increase in temperature. When the earth’s surface warms up it will eventually lead to evaporation of water. Water vapor, itself is a greenhouse gas. It is believed that the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere will continue due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Not only CO2 but other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. The increase in these gases is due to industrialization, deforestation, urbanization and increasing population. Nature has given us a mechanism to decrease the content of CO2 in atmosphere but we are exploiting it. Trees are the mechanism given to mankind as a gift from nature. Trees convert CO2 gas into Oxygen. This helps to decrease the CO2 content in atmosphere which eventually helps us prevent  global warming. The question that should be put forward now is that if this mechanism only won’t exist then how will we prevent global warming? Human beings have always been exploiting nature. Trees have been cut down for the benefits of humans without realizing that it is going to affect us eventually. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. Increasing population is also one of the reasons for global warming. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. One of the effects of global warming is rise in sea-level. It will lead to melting of glaciers and changes in rainfall patterns. The rate of melting glaciers have been increasing since the past decade. . The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. In India this effects may also threaten the Lakshadweep islands, Mu mbai and deltas of Ganges (West Bengal), Carvers (T.N), Godavari (AP) and Mahanadi, Orissa. India is also affected by global warming. As India is an agricultural country, it is largely dependent on rainfall but due to irregular rainfalls caused by global warming, the yield is decreasing every year. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. Forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce,  reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Many government agencies around the world are very interested in maintaining fossil fuel use, especially coal. Furthermore, we are not going to run out of coal in the near term (oil may begin to run low sometime after 2010). Methods for reducing carbon emission levels while still burning coal are now investigation by government and industry, as we now discuss. It is too late to debate on global warming. We need to take some measures to decrease global warming. Forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. We should control the growth of population by decreasing birth rate. This can be done by proper family planning. We should reduce the use of chlorofloro carbons. More use of non-conventional source of energy like wind power and solar energy. It is said that â€Å"There is no place like home† and earth is our home so we need to protect it. Policies are made every day but do we follow it? The answer is â€Å"No†. We all are aware of global warming so we need to change the way we think that we can’t do anything and only the rich who are seated in the seats of government can save us. Who you are, whatever you are you can do something for your planet when you think global warming is a problem.

Massachusetts and the Puritans

Massachusetts and the Puritans Nhat Nguyen Now the state of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by Puritans (see  Puritanism) fleeing religious persecution in England. Composed of numerous settlements established at various times, the colony had its beginning on June 19, 1630, when John Winthrop stood aboard the ship Arbella and delivered a sermon to a group of sick and weary passengers about to begin a new life in the howling wilderness of New England. Winthrop reminded his listeners that their removal from England did not break their social and political ties, indeed those ties should become tighter and more closely follow the will of God. The colony was to be an ordered community, dedicated to realizing the will of God and to creating a model society for old England to emulate. The rulers of old England however, did not wish to, follow the Puritan lead. Both James I and Charles I were suspicious of the Puritans, especially their rejection of bishops, which they saw as tantamount to rejecting royal authority. James, I had been surfeited with this rejection of episcopal authority while the king of Scotland, having seen the Scottish Presbyterians remove his mother from the throne and place him upon it while still a youth. When he succeeded to the throne of England, James knew that he wanted to retain the Church of Englands bishops and promised to make his Puritan subjects conform or harry them out of the kingdom or worse, as he put it. This anti-Puritanism was continued and expanded by his successor, Charles I. Charles and his archbishop of Canterbury engaged in a process of persecution that led to the great migration of thousands of English Puritans to British North America. This migration, led by the Arbella and accompanying ships, resulted in numerous Puritan colonies in New England, the most significant of which was Massachusetts Bay. The colony was originally organized as a stock company with voting rights limited to stockholders who chose the colonys leaders, but this changed soon after their arrival in America. Winthrop, who held the title of governor, gathered the colonys inhabitants on October 29, 1630, and by a show of hands gave all the freemen of the colony the right to elect assistants or legislators. This action, which soon encompassed nearly all adult males in the colony, gave Massachusetts Bay a much wider franchise than England and most of Europe, despite its limitation to church membership. The Puritans desired to build an ordered community, under the watchful providence of God. This society was not, however, the theocracy that many have claimed it to be. In fact, ministers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony had less formal power than anywhere in Europe and did not constitute a recognized class with special privileges. This absence of inherited privileges was a significant factor in the life of the colony. Although the Puritans firmly believed that there were greater and lesser people, and titles such as Goodwife, Mistress, and Master constantly affirmed these divisions, the range was much less than in England. Sumptuary laws governed the nature of individual dress-limiting the colors, amount of gold, and jewelry a person could wear. These laws both affirmed social distinctions and limited ostentatious displays of wealth and power. When combined with the Puritan doctrine of human sin and of human equality before God, they resulted in much less overt social differences in M assachusetts Bay than the home country. The desire to maintain harmony, stability, and social order was great. The magistrates enforced the laws against blasphemy and punished those who failed to attend church services. The nature of colonial settlement also served to strengthen social stability and cohesion. The land was allocated to each colonist for farming, but people lived in towns, traveling out to their farms each morning and returning in the evening. Towns centered on the meetinghouse, the church building that functioned as the center of the communitys social, political, and religious life. The stereotypical independent settler separated from the community was not acceptable in Massachusetts Bay. Such a settler, separated from the bonds of family, church, community, and government, was bound to lapse into antisocial and irreligious behavior. The godly life could be lived only with others. Conflicts over the nature of that life, however, were such that the harmony desired by the colonys political elite was never realized. These conflicts emerged early in the colonys life. The first was the so-called Antinomian Controversy. Occasioned by the religious instruction thatAnne Hutchinson provided in her home and involving conflicts between the growing merchant class and the colonys political and religious elite, the Antinomian Controversy was typically Puritan in that it was fought over theology and the role of social harmony in theology. Similarly, the expulsion of Roger Williams from the colony was a response to theological differences that authorities viewed as destabilizing. Williamss belief that the government had no right to enforce the first part of the decalogue-the first four of the Ten Commandments dealing with worship-was seen as an assault upon the social stability of the colony. Indeed, many viewed any failure of the state to enforce these laws as an invitation to divine destruction. To outlaw blasphemy was not only an act of religious faith but also helped ensure social survival. Such conflicts, like those with other socially disruptive groups such as Baptists, Quakers (seeFriends, a Religious society of [Quakers]), and witches (see Salem witchcraft trials) recurred as the Puritans attempted to build a viable society in a hostile land. They struggled mightily to establish the social institutions that would provide for the colonys stability. Churches and towns were the first to appear, then came a college (Harvard, 1638), printing presses, and schools. Soon Massachusetts Bay was an expanding and successful colony, kept alive by fishing, agriculture, timber harvesting, and even the slave trade. Prosperity did not, however, ease the difficulties of creating an ordered society pleasing to God. Tensions emerged within the New England way among not only those outside but those within it as well. The first concern was the perception that piety was declining within the colony. From the heroic period of settlement, when the colony seemed to have been dominated by great men and high religious concern, many saw a decline by the mid-17th century. Religious interest appeared to have waned and the number of visible saints to have declined. This concern became so prevalent that the sermons preached about it have received their ow n name. Jeremiads, as they are known, were directed against this perceived declension. Whether the decline was as great as the ministers claimed is debatable, but it is true that the colony experienced the shift from a time when people immigrated from religious conviction to a period when people simply were born into the society. A telling anecdote, probably apocryphal, illustrates this change well. A Puritan minister once berated a man he caught unloading fish on Sunday, reminding him of the religious nature of the colony and its founders. The fisherman quickly responded, My grandfather came here from God, I came here for cod. The colony faced other challenges. Chief among these were the local Indians and the French who, from their outposts in Canada, occasionally harried the colonys more distant settlements along with their Native American allies. These challenges ended with the eventual British conquest of Frances North American colonies in 1759. The removal of this external threat only exacerbated the internal one, the ongoing conflicts between the colonists in America and the mother country. This conflict was not to be taken lightly, and in Massachusetts, it had a religious dimension. The late 17th century had seen an apparent victory of the Puritan party in its monarchical form in England. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 had removed the Catholic king, James II, and with it the threat to the colonys independent existence under James, who had revoked the colonys charter and established an Anglican foothold at Kings Chapel in Boston. But this was not the only religious threat that England presented to the colony. If some contemporary writers are to be believed, the most significant conflicts and the true start of theAmerican Revolution began with the rumor that England would send a bishop to the colonies. The imposition of a bishop was seen by many colonists as an inherent threat to their liberties. InMassachusetts Bay, where stories of episcopal persecution of Puritans were still remembered, this was the final assault on everything they had tried to create. Already forced to allow toleration to other Protestants, they now faced the final loss of their religious independence. The Puritan tradition of self-government, the rule of law, and human activity helped to set the stage for the American Revolution. The revolution in the hearts and minds, as John Adams-a Puritan scion-wrote, had already occurred. It was no coincidence that a great deal of the revolutionary leadership came from Massachusetts. The colony and i ts Puritanism had helped to pave the way. Work Cited Timothy Breen Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) Cedric B. Cowing, The Saving Remnant: Religion and the Settling of New England (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995) David Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment (New York: Knopf, 1989) Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1956) Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (New York: Longman, 1999) Samuel Eliot Morison, Builders of the Bay Colony (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930)

A classic example of socialism is John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath

A classic example of socialism is John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath The idea of socialism has transcended down in history; from the proletariat fighting for rights in France to Marxist revolutions and Leninists in Russia. Socialism is the helping of the laboring class; more so it is the uprising and asserting of power of the laboring class. A classic example of socialism is John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath". Many people thought this book was an attack on America, due to it's social views. "Grapes of Wrath" was not a book of attack or slander on America, rather it was more of an awakening or cry for change. Steinbeck seems to be the voice of the masses. Steinbeck wants to suggest, through character, settings and idea filled chapters, how socialist reforms would bring upon a dignified lifestyle for the disadvantages people from the mid-west. He calls for change and hopes for enlightenment through his novel, not to cast aspersions or criticize. During the 1930's, the era of Depression in America, many people were afraid of communist ideas that were present overseas. Many people felt that Steinbeck was supporting these ideas. If someone was a questioner, a thinker, or someone who went against the mold, like Steinbeck, they were called a "red". In other words, that person was considered a communist. Steinbeck, through his novel, brought the worst stories of America and showed them to the world. He did this in hope of spreading the idea of socialism. Steinbeck shows the spread of socialism through two main characters: Jim Casy and Tom Joad. He displays them as wanting, wanting a better life, wanting something more spiritually, wanting something more for "their folks". The only thing that seems to ... ...ds. Al gets to be a teenager, not a responsible driver. He can now look for girls and etc. But when the family leaves the camp, due to no work, the family falls apart. The normality. The socialism at the camp is what made most of them happy and kept them together. But Ma Joad knew better. She shows that socialism has to be widespread, it can't just be in one spot. It has to take over everything and be thought by everyone. When the normality ends, the requirement of socialism in society becomes important again. Through out the novel, Steinbeck tries to give us a clear picture of what is needed to stop all the suffering that was going on in our nation. Tom Joad, Jim Casy, the camp and a couple chapters teach the future readers that we can make a difference in people's lives. We have made a difference. Today socialism is alive and working well for America.

Comparing Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson Walt Whitman is Jay Leno and Ralph Emerson is Ed Hall. Walt takes the instructions announced by Emerson and runs gallantly with them making beautiful and insightful poetry. Walt Whitman and Ralph Emerson spoke out in an age where society was not ready for such dramatic writers. Whitman uses several of Emerson's topics and styles to be that good poet. Whitman elaborates on the characteristics of a poet, freedom, children, and animals. In order to understand any comparison of the two author's one must first read and comprehend that Emerson's writing are clearly an instruction manual that Whitman adopts in order to become an outstanding poet. Emerson believes we must, "look in vain for the poet whom I describe. We do not, with sufficient plainness, or sufficient profoundness, address ourselves to life, nor dare we chaunt our own times and social circumstances. If we filled the day with bravery, we should not shrink from celebrating it. Time and nature yield us many gifts, but not yet the timely man, the new religion, the reconciler, whom all things await" (Emerson 1653). Emerson is stating how everything can be a poem and a poet can reflect on valuable resources like nature to draw on and write. Whitman clearly uses this guide in order to write his poetry. He agrees that nature is a valuable tool. In addition, Whitman elaborates that any person and any nature is in itself poet and poem. He thinks America is full of poets. Whitman reflects saying, "I celebrate myself, and what I assume you shall assume, for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul . . . houses and rooms full of perfumes . . . the shelves are crowed with perfumes" (Whitman 2743). Whitman expresses himself and how he wants others to take notice and realize poetry is all around. People want freedom, and this characteristic is a focus in both poet's works. In Emerson freedom is referred to as, "the ancient British bards had for the title of their order, 'Those who are free throughout the world.' They are free, and they make free"(Emerson 1657).

A Girls Best Friend - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

A Girl's Best Friend - Original Writing She walked down the steps and off the plane; her poise was so perfect that she could have been mistaken for a model. The long skirt swished around the top of high-heeled boots and the glitzy, kitsch ear-rings dangled onto an exquisitely tailored jacket and shirt. She bypassed the luggage reclaim, her bag always stayed with her on the plane. As she entered the terminal, the security cameras swivelled around to get a clear shot of her face, as they did for everybody who passed through the revolving doors. The camera caught her eye and she sighed. This was the tough part of the job, although secretly she adored the adrenaline rush. With purposeful, yet delicate strides, she moved towards the exit. The throngs of people, greeting returned brothers and sisters, meeting their aunts and waiting for their beaus aided her passage. The door was looming, she quickened her pace; ahead of her, the guards' security radios were crackling with mystical instructions. Instinctively her hand reached into her bag and found a pair of sunglasses that covered most of her face. With beads of sweat forming on her perfect hairline she headed towards the sunlight. A guard barked some reply into his radio and moved towards her, she caught his movement in the corner of her eye and with her eyes down she tried to lose herself in the crowd. The guard from the other side of the door started to stride in her direction, caught in between the two guards the woman desperately ducked down behind a big potted plant, counted to three, and then set off with a group of foreign tourists in an attempt to reach the door and thus es... ...t they could. He nodded his head grimly, inwardly rejoicing at her obvious despair. 'If we find anything you will be notified; with an invitation to court, however as of now you are free to go.' With mock courtesy he opened the door for her, she staggered out. This time she made it to the exit, she knew they were watching her but didn't care. She picked up a taxi and gave him a random address. Standard procedure, never give the first cab driver the home address, only let the second or third take you home. She carried out the procedure even though there was nothing else that they wanted of her. As she stepped onto the lawn in front of her block of flats she looked side to side to check that there was no one watching and allowed a grin to spread across her face like wildfire. She carried a rainbow under each ear.

Smith Consulting Project

These reviews will bring awareness to the employees that their efforts (or lack of) have not gone unnoticed. They will realize that their performance level is directly proportional to the bonus, so instinctively, employees will strive to do their best in order to maximize the rewards. Encourage employees to further education, or seek professional certifications by offering tuition reimbursement, and bonus or salary perks for successful completion of degrees or certifications. This will let the employee know that the company is willing to invest in him or her, and by extension, he or she is considered an asset.Form an employee relations committee which will plan social activities for employees to take part in. Possible events include: Potluck lunch, Christmas dinner, Charity endeavors (food, clothes, and book drives, etc. ), community cleanups, etc. This is an opportunity for staff members of varied levels to come together and socialize without the constraints of bureaucracy or compan y politics. Clients Engagement Approach can be extended to include the way that a company interacts with its Clients. Similar to the Employee Relationship, the company must find a way to keep Clients happy, and loyal.Failure to do this could result in negative reviews, loss of clients, loss of business, and loss of revenues. The trickle-down effect of this can be disastrous as the company may have to lay off staff in response to decreased income. With this in mind, it is extremely important to maintain good client relations. To achieve this, the company must be mindful to do the following: Obtain clear directives from the client in terms of their expectations. When in doubt, do not hesitate to follow up with the client for clarification. This ensures that both parties are on the same page and prevents miscommunication which can lead to inflict.Always communicate respectively with the client. Always keep an open line of communication. It is extremely frustrating when a client is unab le to contact his or her service provider. Deliver products on time. This fosters reliability and loyalty. Software Development Definition The formal definition of software is a set of written computer interpreted instruction dictating how to process data input and output. The development of software is the process of creating the written set of instructions that meet the requested specification requirements according to customer need.The software development life cycle is the development model to achieve a practical product fitting the description of the specification requirements. The development end-goal is to produce a product that is easily maintainable, productive, and dependable. Methodologies Scrum is the principal software development methodology in practice by Smith Consulting for new software development requests. Scrum is an agile development methodology involving development teams working in unison independent of each other and at the same time interdependent on each te am's work (Tech Target, 2007).The Scrum methodology spawns developmental decisions as a result of active software creation, directing and guiding the development team task to keep on the project timeline and according to specification. The Lean Software Development approach is Smith Consulting secondary software development method in practice. The consideration of the Lean methodology for development is in regard to redevelopment or version upgrade to existing software products. The Lean methodology is a derivative of a project management approach originally developed by the Toyota Motor Corporation (MANS, 2012).The purpose of the Lean approach is to develop a more robust and efficient software product. The development technique is to achieve a reduction in processing overhead. Rework includes removing invaluable features and employing modern coding technique to improve overall program flow. Project Management Project management is a critical function because the prosperity of the e ntire organization depends on it. Since the success of project management depends on the leaders of this company, they should possess a clear business vision that includes IT and business experience.This vision should be established at the ginning of the project and should clarify what is in and outside the scope of the project. The most efficient engagement approach should be one that includes a good line of communication with stakeholders including end-users. These stakeholders should be tasked to show commitment to the project by agreeing to a contract. The project management process should be divided into manageable pieces that are easier to easier to understand and manage. Proper management also includes ensuring the required tools and manpower is available to the teams.The contract should clearly identify who has what responsibility and how they are to be accomplished. Other requirements include: Ensure each process has someone responsible for managing it Identify who is respo nsible for managing costs Identify who and how many analysts and what their functions are Identify contract programmer costs The project will be reviewed on a weekly basis to identify if the company is still on the correct course and if any additional changes or if any previously unknown problems have arrived. Reviews are also a good time to find if any of the key player's ideas have changed and how to approach it if at all.For this project I recommend selecting omen independent of the project to conduct these reviews. Single systems not one-size-fits-all The reason why a single system is not likely to be a one-size-fits-all solution is because you for one have a lot of areas that needs to be addressed. Now, when you look at the legal field in today's world it I becoming increasingly technical-dominated by the availability of technologies that are specific to the legal field as well as the tangible type improvements for both the efficiency and productivity when solutions are impleme nted in many firm's especially law firms.For the firm's broad services you ill have to come up with decisions to purchase and implement specific technologies because it's a heavy part of them all, and the reason for this is because if you choose and well as put in the wrong solutions in place. The work environment will suffer as the staff will also struggle to adapt to the software that is being used, ultimately not taking full advantage of the software or worst case scenario by abandoning the whole system altogether. Another reason why a single system will not likely be a one-size- fits-all is because you will need different systems to be in place like: PracticeManagement Software, and Storing Information and Automation. The biggest reason why a single system is not likely to be a one-size-fits-all is because it will most likely lack the depth of functionality, so by this being said the firm will be looking to find more than one type of solution when it comes down to finding more t han one practice area. One other difference is the level of customization because the one- size-fits-all provides for both front-end as well as back-end but lacks areas and you will need to find a better way to implement everything to work and function properly. Program Specification GuidelinesThis portion of the document should act as a guide for Smith Systems Consulting Software Developers to adhere to closely during the software development phase. This guide will help to streamline the company's way of determining requirements, and incorporating them into the developing program. The uniformed approach will ensure that the same level of care and attention is bestowed on all of Smith Systems Consulting projects – no matter what size or budget. Stakeholders A project's stakeholder is anyone who will be affected by, or who has an interest in the project's progress and execution.Stakeholders in a systems development project usually include (but are not limited to) the project's users, Information Technology department, the affected department(s)'s manager, members of the company's upper management, the chief financial officer (SCOFF), and the company's president. Prior to entering the requirements elicitation phase of the project, it is imperative for the development team to make a list of all stakeholders, as they will play an important role in defining the system's requirements.User Requirements User requirements refer to the unique functionality aspects of a system that are accessory for the user to accomplish his or her Job. In order for the programmer or system developer to fully understand what the resulting program is meant to do, it is important to discuss the functionality details with those who know the operation best – the users. The users will provide in-depth and clear understanding of the inner- workings of the system as well as the crucial tools and functions that are necessary for optimal performance.The development team should be p repared to use various methods to elicit the requirements so that feedback is gathered from all of the users that were nitpicked for the task. Some common methods for gathering requirements are surveys and face to face interviews. Where necessary, the developer should also be prepared to offer an anonymous system to collect requirements in order to protect the identity of the user – should they so desire that mode. The users play a profound role in system development.By offering different avenues for feedback and requirements retrieval the company is maximizing the amount of data it receives and therefore ensuring that all bases are covered in the resulting product. Once the business development plan has been created it is important to consult with the users again. This ensures that the requested functionality and tools are accounted for and helps to prevent any costly misunderstandings in the future. System Security Requirements To describe the security requirements in the c ompany's policy it must first define in detail what data it is expected to handle.This requires working closely with the clients to gain an understanding of the confidentiality and importance of data. Once that is established, and then the types of employees who will have access to certain levels of data should be clearly described in terms of security levels. System Security sting will focus on the following tasks: Sign-on procedures This determines the security of passwords and defines when and how often users are expected to change them. Password reset methods will also be defined in the policy.In addition a method of accessing the system through back-door methods should be described as a means of access in case of an emergency. Database security Access to the database is described here. This highlights which users have access to applicable data and which are designed on a need to know basis. Physical security Here the physical security of the equipment associated with the busine ss to include reward such as workstations and servers are described. Cameras will be installed at strategic locations along with bagged access points to minimize the possibility of the theft of physical property.Third-party tools Establish an understanding with vendors to ensure their continued partnership is dependent on their ability to match our system security standards. Test environment A secure test environment ensures that only required personnel have access to the testing environment. Additionally, a test environment is a safe environment to prepare changes before officially rolling them out to the company as a whole. The yester security of Smith Consulting will require compliance with semi-annual evaluations from an outside source to determine an evaluation of security precautions, procedures, and vulnerabilities.The results of the evaluation are to be maintained along with the policy instruction so that the requirements of future evaluations can be validated against past t ests. Software Platform Compatibility Requirements Software compatibility is an important part of the process of software development. Compatibility is first determined by which operating system(s) the software to be developed will be designed to run on successfully. A determining factor may be what system the company is using now or what the computer they may be using in the future.For example, there may be some issues with Windows XP but the company may be set to release Windows 8 machines as part of the role-out of the new software. In this case it is best to design software compatibility for the Windows 8 machines. The same can be said with servers if the software will be network based. Additionally the company may consider running their services from the cloud. In this case the software compatibility may be no more than ensuring a compatible browser such as Internet Explorer, Firebox or Chrome.Each scenario is different and is precisely one of the reasons why each company will require a customized Software Platform Compatibility Requirement list. Database Application Testing Requirements This section will serve as a generic methodology of Smith Consulting approach to database application testing requirements. The objective is to document a reusable database performance evaluation strategy regardless of database vendor or design specification. Additional testing steps may be applicable per vendor recommendation.Any additional steps are a project plan requirement used in injunction with Smith Consulting guidelines of database verification. The intention of database examination is for conducting a systematic test to validate data structure and data integrity during user software application read write performance testing. Assumptions Database performance testing in conjunction with software application database read write operations assumes the database architecture and structure development is to specification and logically designed.An additional assumption is the development of indexes, views, triggers, stored procedures, and functions exist and the database is available for software unit testing. Data Mapping Data mapping is a validation process to ensure end-user data entry form fields correspond with the mapped database table fields. The expected result of the verification of the retrieved data from application input must be consistent with the outlined data model from the database data dictionary. The only acceptable result will prove data writes to the designated table or tables and is congruent with format, length, and type of the data definition.Stress Testing The purpose of stress testing a database is to understand the performance and reliability during heavy user interaction. Performing a high volume stress test assessment is essential to uncover database bottlenecks resulting in long response times and slow performance. A stress load is performed by simulation of a designated number of application users. The load variance selection shall simulate, according to project specification, the average number of end-users, below average number of end-users, slightly above average number of end-users, and five times the average number of end-users.The load simulation will create scenarios where users concurrently query against and write to the same table and numerous tables across he database. Result failure requires documentation and further evaluation for database optimization. Failure also warrants a hardware design team consultation to determine if the hardware is sufficient to handle the transaction load simulation. Transaction Isolation Transaction isolation verification tests the database reaction during the occurrence of multiple table transactions taking place at the same time. A realistic situation exists where various read write requests will be present concurrently.While the scenario is unavoidable in a multi-user environment the state of the database is at risk during a existing read write reques t. The performance outcome ought to appear as though each database demand executes one right after the other. Depending on the applied transaction isolation level, record locks are set in accordance with the transaction call (Microsoft SQL Server, 2012). The importance of testing transaction isolation validates read and write record locking, how long the locks are held, and the on-screen response time of the simultaneous operations.The transaction isolation testing is a sub-set testing situation of the database load testing. Isolation result documentation hall include the number of transactions, the response time of the transaction, and note the accuracy of the data read write. Data integrity errors must be reported to the database design team as well as the software design team for evaluation. Required submission includes the detailed steps of the data integrity inaccuracy for reproduction of the error.Budgetary Constraints Testing is the most widely used approach to ensure softwar e quality but it also can be the most cost and time-consuming. To ensure the project for Smith Consulting stays in the green for budget concerns the project is scheduled with strict deadlines. Some cost overruns are normal for any project but the goal is to minimize the impact. Wars to accomplish these goals include defining clearly the responsibility of everyone involved with the project with clear methods of holding them accountable for their parts. Setting a financial goal is the best method to maintain a budget constraint.The project budget estimate should be accurately documented for management and the estimate should include when and how to handle costs associated with manpower in the event more help is required. The project statement should include a scope that is clearly defined in the beginning of the project. In situations where budget cuts may affect the ability to complete the project, managers should always start with physical resources before staff cuts. In more dire s ituations (where personnel are at risk) the standard remedy is to fill necessary positions with staff covering other potions to fill in until the financial situation has recovered.This design will ensure the impact on the project for the customer is minimal and will also prove our procedures are detailed. Software Testing To qualify new software for production the development team performs a multitude of readiness tests. Qualified software must pass the following tests: Integration, Compatibility, Functionality, Usability, Security, Load/Stress, Documentation, Implementation, Automation, Support, and, Debugging. The following sections will highlight the various testing methods that Smith Systems Consulting uses to ensure product reliability and competency.Performance Testing Meeting the needs of a company and client is a performance requirement of software engineering. Performance testing is a routine performance evaluation that determines how the system will behave. The behavior co rresponds with the terms of responsiveness along with execution stability under a system initiated workload. One major thing that performance testing can serve well in is to measure, validate, investigate, or even verify all other attributes that are set up within the system such as: the reliability, resource usage, and scalability.To monitor the system's performance, it is important to perform the steps that are highlighted in the following sections. Integration Testing While software is generally produced to perform specific Job functions, it is important and efficiency encouraging to incorporate integration with other applications. For example, an accounting information system would benefit from company database integration, as well as Microsoft Excel and Adobe Acrobat report saving integrations. Lately, it has become commonplace for programs to include software integrations as they incorporate the Software Oriented Architecture platform.With this in mind, it is extremely importa nt for the development team to iron out the integration kinks before the software is released. To ensure that product integrations are functioning properly, the program testers have to: Identify all of the integrated programs and software Determine the associated version numbers that the program is being tested on. For ACH integration, perform in-depth testing. If the integration is not working well, the tester will have to troubleshoot, and possibly contact the product team of the integrated product or service.When the integration is working properly, the version number should be noted. When the program is released to the public, the integrated programs' version numbers that the program has passed the integration tests for should be displayed within its documentation as verification of compliance. Compatibility Testing Within an organization, there are many different platforms and software at use. In order for the company to be successful, all of the information systems must be abl e to communicate with their respective devices.The company's architecture must be built so that this wide web of services, and products are working in tandem with each other, and are able to co-exist in an unobtrusive manner. Ensuring this prevents software incompatibility issues, which can prove to be very costly. As an example, if an organization is only using Microsoft Windows devices, it would not make sense to purchase Office for MAC or other proprietary Apple software that do not integrate with the Microsoft Windows platform.Similarly, if a seer wanted to use the Microsoft Skydive feature which allows them to connect to a remote PC, they will be unhappy to learn that Microsoft Windows 8. 1 does not support this. Performing compatibility testing showcases the limitations of the software and allows the programmer to compile a list of programs and versions which works with the system. Compatibility testing involves: Determining the software that the program is required to maintai n compatibility with. Performing thorough compatibility testing.If the system is found to be incompatible with the software already in place at the organization, the programmer just reevaluate, troubleshoot, and redo the section in question to make sire, Once the software is deemed compatible, the version numbers must be noted for inclusion in the project description documentation. Usability Testing One important factor when running an analysis on a potential client for Smith Systems Consulting is usability. Usability, by definition, are asking the questions is this â€Å"capable of being used† or is it â€Å"convenient and practicable for use† (Usable, 2014).Each organization that SC approaches will answer this question differently. What one company deems as an important and commonly used featured may be impolitely ignored by the next. This is why usability is so important. Another way of looking at usability is trimming the fat. If a company doesn't need certain feat ures than it really should be noted as not needing to be produced. This cuts down on production times and overall costs to the client making a more efficient project in the end.Functionality Testing To follow up with this of course it must be determined what is to be used most commonly and ensure that this is how the client envisioned. What is most important is that organization Smith Systems Consulting is working with feels they are getting apt attention and one certain way to do that is make the client feel as though they've been listened to in the usability and functionality fields. Functionality is defined as â€Å"the particular use or set of uses for which something is designed† (Functionality, 2014).In this notion it is clear that functionality is heavily tied to usability. How something is used is in relation to how it is designed. When Smith Systems Consulting designs their products it is important to keep the user and usability in mind. These are both best accomplis hed by performing speaking with users who will e using the product – especially those who may assist in any beta testing. If the end users and stakeholders provide a clear vision then the project should be nothing less than a success when the developers attain that goal.Load/Stress Testing Each organization that Smith System Consulting will be working with will have their own unique technology environment they will be operating in. The more that SC knows of these environments the more they can consider potential benefits or weakness that can be considered. Once these have been considered then a test environment can be established. What makes a good test environment is running the intended software in mock environment, ideally on a system with near identical computer specs. This would include running on the same operating system and using the same amount of RAM, processing power, and hard drive utilization.Once these parameters have been set then a server / client test can be run – ideally in a virtual environment. Once the program is operating on the network with an average number of computers connected and using the software then it can be fair to say this running a load test – that is a test within normal operating parameters. To fully stress the system would be to mimic running the network at high capacity. This may include either a high number of concurrently connected users or the server carry a high load of responsibilities, such as sharing heavy SQL queries in addition to the software testing.Debugging Debugger or debugging tool is a computer created software program that allows the programmer to test as well as debug other types of programs. Therefore, with debugging the software plays a major factor because when a program is debugged, the programmer will find errors such as missing coding areas when creating the program. For example imagine that a developer created a weeping and he or she wanted to place a picture on it but wonder ed why the picture wouldn't display. Debugging the program can assist the developer with diagnosing and fixing the problem that is causing the program to malfunction.This goes to show that having a debugger is a worth tool for correcting programming errors. Software Security Assessment The purpose of a software security assessment is to identify and expel code vulnerabilities prior to customer delivery. Identifying the presence of a code-layer exposed vulnerability is a fundamental action for conforming to a high standard. A good quality assurance model involves proactive steps to extinguish security flaws. Smith Consulting must guarantee the customer a secure product release and reduce the risk of threat exploitation via a thorough security testing regiment.Definition Software Security Assessment refers to testing criteria to establish threat resistant software. Testing shall demonstrate the software's ability to withstand the attempts of infiltration with mall-intentions. Strategy Examination and assessment validate the absence of typical security errors exposing subjection to threat according to the Common Weakness Enumeration (The MITER Corporation, 2011). Black Box Testing The black box testing strategy involves the use of a testing group with no working knowledge of the software code structure, engineering, or implementation plan (Michael, Van Wok, & Radicchio, 2005).Black box testers employ hostile approach to penetrate an application's security to identify bounds unknown during OSDL design and implementation phases. White Box Testing The white box testing strategy involves an orderly one-to-one validation source code is according to design specification and expected security components exist. The key preference from the black box testing is the assessor possesses an intimate knowledge of application code and construction (Mono, No Date). Analysis scans source code for common development faults identified from the Common Weakness Enumeration.The tester also keeps a lookout for seemingly harmless routines that can act as a back door for intrusion. Authentication Testing Authentication testing is a method of determining if a process or end-user is legitimate. The objective is to understand how the authentication process behaves and use that information to circumnavigate the authentication mechanism. Types of authentication tests are as follows: 1 User Enumeration – a brute force test using a valid user credential to determine if uncovering the authenticating password is possible (SPAS, 2012). Dictionary Testing – a method for determining common words found in a dictionary exist in a user passers (SPAS, 2012). 3 Password Recovery – the method to test the authenticity of a password reset or forgotten password request (SPAS, 2012). 4 Race Condition Testing – identification of multiple processes executing simultaneously that modify the same data (SPAS, 2012). Documentation A good method of documenting process es in Smith Consulting products is to mirror the practices of life-cycle management tools that are in compliance with the Serbians-Cooley Act.A sound business in today's environment should focus their efforts on automation development and documentation processes. Smith Consulting documentation procedures will involve in audit process that will identify who has accessed code and what changes have been made. The documentation process will also include the ability to track what testing and assurance of quality has occurred during the construction of the project. In addition, the procedures will also include the ability to change parts of an existing project that have been determined to fall out of the scope of the goal of the business vision.The idea behind aligning documentation testing procedures with the described Act is to yield rewards such as rework reduction by automating change management aspects of programming within a project (Heavenliest, 2006). In doing so, the replacement of old paper-based software development tools with change management and code-management tools that allow Smith Consulting to monitor change request within the software development process by attaching electronic signatures to the software. This further alps the rework elimination process by verifying that the documentation changes in line with the goals of the business.The different documentation types are listed as: Source Code Unit Test Report Software Test Procedure (provides instruction on how to test each component of a project) Code Explanation Report Implementation At times, in the implementation of test procedures it may become necessary to perform target testing to prove critical functions and reduce the risk of large amounts of rework. Prior to the testing of each unit the developer is required to update the test procedure for conducting each test and record the results as scribed in the documentation procedure.In situation where more tests are required they will be compl eted as needed in order to satisfy those implementation requirements. Developers are required to implement and test development projects in accordance with coding standards and methods outline in the Software Engineering Manual. All unit test results are maintained in the Unit Test Report. Automation The automation method requires that the development framework is separate from the test automation tools. The framework as designed is flexible enough to adapt to changes that the environment or the project may bring.The purpose of utilizing this method is because it is low costing. Implementing the test automation is a full- time effort that requires significant time and up-front investment. Automated tests are scheduled at 1,250, every other day. The only change to the automation procedure is if there is an unforeseen change to the business requirement that suggests a change should be made. Since automation is such an exhaustive task, it is reserved for projects on an enterprise level that expect multiple releases. The approach that Smith Consulting will use for its development projects is Test

Contribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in Zanzibar

THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH – PROPOSAL. TOPIC: The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR: CANDIDATE: MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 LIST OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ONE4 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Significant of the study5 1. 4 Scope of the study5 1. 5Objective of the research5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 Definition of fishing7 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry7 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibar’s economy7 2. 3 POV ERTY REDUCTION8 . 4 Definition of poverty8 2. 4. 0: Growth and poverty8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0: METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 MODEL OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT – Bank of Tanzania DD – Demand FDZ -Fisheries Department of ZanzibarGDP – Gross Domestic Product GOZ – Government of Zanzibar MOFEA – Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs SMEs – Small and Medium Enterprises TZS – Tanzania Shillings UK – United Kingdom URT – United Republic of Tanzania USD – United States Dollars ZIPA – Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority ZIP -Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ – Zanzibar ZPRP – Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual background of the problem stating clearly how the problem come about/historical development and what is being done so far on literature review , stating clearly the statement of the problem, general and specific research objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibar’s fishing is almost entirely artisanal and is conducted in the shallow waters along the coast. The entire fishing grounds are about 4,000 square kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 square kilometers for Pemba.Much of this area has coral reefs and a variety of flora and fauna making the region ideal for fishing. Indeed, there is an enormous potential for increased production of marine products, through offshore and deep-sea fishing including processing, for both domestic and export markets(ZIP). The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that growth in the agricultura l sector is crucial due to its pro-found positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on this back drop, once growth in agriculture is stimulated, most poor people in this sector will benefit culminating into poverty reduction.The fishing sub-sector has a relatively lower contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manufactured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million accounting for 0. 7%of total exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is yet to be sufficiently exploited because of a fish catches , not withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, fishing activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.According to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main reason for shallow sea fishing with low fish yield is lack of capital to purchase larger vessels to engage in deep sea fishing, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of f ishermen do not use fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish stocks include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is made of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating trend between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite high potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts reveal that currently urban Unguja district is leading in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having two islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean have varieties of fish. The islands are accessible by sea, having two ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are important for developing fishing industry. According to Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a study to establish how the fishing industry can be improved (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, reduce poverty, increase export proceeds, increase tax revenue and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the study The finding of this research will encourage the concerned authorities to perform their duties that is by impr oving the fishing industry in order to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards controlling the current problem which is poverty.Further more the study will collect information from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it will contribute towards reduction poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the study The study will take about 2 weeks in February and will cover Zanzibar as a case study which will be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of fishing industry on poverty reduction in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study will seek to achieve the following: To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To assess the applica bility of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following will be tested in order to assess the validity of both overall and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is: Null hypothesis (HO): Fisheries improvement is the determinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi): fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature review about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Department. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with Fishing Industry and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) ; – Fishing involves the recovery of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. – Fishery; is harvesting of as a commercial enterprise or the location or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibar’s involvement in fishing activities started many years ago but because of abundant resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolution, there was a private fishing corporation under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the responsibility of monitoring fishing activities and improving working conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar formed the Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and key responsibility of the department was directed to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibar’s economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of humanity and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent data provided by Ministry of Agricultur e, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources – Zanzibar),there has been gradual decrease in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 reaching 5. 9% but from there it went on decreasing in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government suppose to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the World’s encyclopaedia 9:652:3aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic Development (seventh edit ion) ; Poverty is concerned with the absolute standard of living of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development ; Poverty is the number of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. it’s a total number living below a specified minimum level of real income – an international poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in poverty to rise over the current decade but this outcome depends on two factors; – the rate of economic growth – the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0: Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the poor because they would be bypassed by the structural changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor tend to spend additional income on improve d nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investments rather than consumption. Reasons why policies focused towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth ; i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to finance their children’s education and the absence of physical or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic productivity and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the demand for locally produced necessity products like food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic expansion by acting as a powerful material a nd psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0: METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be applied in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative measures which should be taken in order to make sure that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sampling method that is simple random to get actual respondents and in reducing sampling errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the populati on. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main purpose of this study Is to obtain an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take an exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002:123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives data will be collected and will use both primary and secondary data.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by both the researcher in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more thoroughly the survey outcome. Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I wanted to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and therefore I must settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be representative of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple random probability sampling and purposive random sampling. Under simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be a ble to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my goal of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both closed and open ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field inquiry and will choose among the fixed responses. This will enable me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with: â€Å"The skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful thoug h it has the disadvantages of being very costly time consuming and can introduce bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a model to est the result of the research, here the multiple regression model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows: Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 +  µ Where; Y – stands for Income X1 – stands for education level X2 – stands for technological level X3 – stands for age of the fisherman X4 – stands for financial assistance X5 – stands for family size  µ – stands for Error term as Y stands for dependent variable that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. Independent variables can be explained as follows;Education level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we expect to have more income and if its low expect low income. Technological level – that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size – Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more probable to participate in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, â€Å" Leading issues in Economic Development† â€Å"seventh edition† Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar: The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) : Fisheries stock Assessment in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) â€Å"Research Methodology: methods and techniques† New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, â€Å"Economic Development† Mkenda, A. 2001 â€Å"Fishery Resources and welfare in Rural Zanzibar†World’s encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sex; male ( ) female( ) AGE: 18 – 25| | 26 – 37| | 37 – 57| | Above 57| | MARITAL STATUS: Single| | Married| | Divorced| | Widowed| | Others| | 2. What is your level of education? | Level of education| Tick (v)| A| Primary level | | B| Secondary level| | C| Advanced level| | D| University level| | E| None| | 3. How many children do u have?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where applicable Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or you’re not sure? ( ) Specify your answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6. Are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where applicable i. Farming| | ii. Hunting| | iii. Livestock keeping| | iv. Others| | If others, specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally| |Nationally | | 11. How much money do you get for single fishing? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, Hanifu Contribution of Fishing Industry Towards Poverty Reduction in Zanzibar THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH – PROPOSAL. TOPIC: The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. SUPERVISOR: CANDIDATE: MR. BONGOLE, A J MUSSA, HANIFU T/UDOM/2010/03536 Table of Contents THE UNIVERSIRY OF DODOMA1 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES1 SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES1DEPERTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS1 LIST OF ABBREVIATION3 CHAPTER ONE4 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY4 1. 0 Introduction4 1. 1 Background Information to the problem4 1. 2Statement of the problem. 5 1. 3. Significant of the study5 1. 4 Scope of the study5 1. 5Objective of the research5 1. 5. 1General objectives. 5 1. 5. 2Specific objectives5 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW. 7 2. 0. INTRODUCTION7 2. 1 Definition of fishing7 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry7 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibar’s economy7 2. 3 POV ERTY REDUCTION8 . 4 Definition of poverty8 2. 4. 0: Growth and poverty8 CHAPTER THREE9 3. 0: METHODOLOGY9 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY10 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION10 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION10 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. 10 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN10 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY11 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY11 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS11 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY11 MODEL OF THE STUDY11 BIBLIOGRAPHY12 QUESTIONNARES13 LIST OF ABBREVIATION BOT – Bank of Tanzania DD – Demand FDZ -Fisheries Department of ZanzibarGDP – Gross Domestic Product GOZ – Government of Zanzibar MOFEA – Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs SMEs – Small and Medium Enterprises TZS – Tanzania Shillings UK – United Kingdom URT – United Republic of Tanzania USD – United States Dollars ZIPA – Zanzibar Investment Promotion Authority ZIP -Zanzibar Investment Policy ZNZ – Zanzibar ZPRP – Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan CHAPTER ONE OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1. 0 IntroductionThis chapter covers the contextual background of the problem stating clearly how the problem come about/historical development and what is being done so far on literature review , stating clearly the statement of the problem, general and specific research objectives, general and specific research questions. 1. 1 Background Information to the problem Zanzibar’s fishing is almost entirely artisanal and is conducted in the shallow waters along the coast. The entire fishing grounds are about 4,000 square kilometers for Unguja and 2,720 square kilometers for Pemba.Much of this area has coral reefs and a variety of flora and fauna making the region ideal for fishing. Indeed, there is an enormous potential for increased production of marine products, through offshore and deep-sea fishing including processing, for both domestic and export markets(ZIP). The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2002) stipulates that growth in the agricultura l sector is crucial due to its pro-found positive impact on poverty reduction. Based on this back drop, once growth in agriculture is stimulated, most poor people in this sector will benefit culminating into poverty reduction.The fishing sub-sector has a relatively lower contribution in export compared to other exports such as cloves, manufactured goods and other exports. Statistics show that from 2000 to 2004 exports of fish amounted to USD 0. 53million accounting for 0. 7%of total exports amounting to USD 67. 5 million. (ZPRP 2002) However, the market potential is yet to be sufficiently exploited because of a fish catches , not withstanding the fact that Zanzibar is surrounded by sea. Generally, fishing activities in Zanzibar are concentrated on onshore.According to the Agricultural Policy(2000),the main reason for shallow sea fishing with low fish yield is lack of capital to purchase larger vessels to engage in deep sea fishing, indicating that fishing is not developed (some of f ishermen do not use fishing vessels but use rudimentary tools for catching fish such as spears sticks, knives, small nets and bare hands). Fish stocks include small pelagic, coral reef fish, lobsters, octopus and large pelagic etc The fishing territorial area is made of about 4,000sq. kms for Unguja or 59. 5% and 2,720sq. kms for Pemba accounting for 40. 5% of total.Statistics for fish catch indicate a fluctuating trend between 1992 and 1997,before attaining a steady increasing path from 1998 towards 2002. However the actual production is still low and does not contribute significantly in Zanzibar fish exports despite high potentiality. Distribution of fish catches by districts reveal that currently urban Unguja district is leading in fish production since 2001, outpacing North district which dominated before. Exports (export earnings) was the highest in 2003 because of the sea products such as sea shells and sea cucumber from the business people. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP Jan 2002)) 1. 2Statement of the problem. Zanzibar, having two islands namely Unguja and Pemba located in the Indian ocean have varieties of fish. The islands are accessible by sea, having two ports in Unguja and Pemba making it easier to export fish products, these factor facilities are important for developing fishing industry. According to Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey(1999) about 35. 8% of under five children are stunted of which 12. 2% are severely stunted. For Pemba 46. 25% of under five children are stunted, while for ungula it is 27. 5% . The situation calls for a study to establish how the fishing industry can be improved (e. g. by identifying appropriate technology and reliable markets) to get rid of malnutrition, reduce poverty, increase export proceeds, increase tax revenue and increase employment opportunities. 1. 3. Significant of the study The finding of this research will encourage the concerned authorities to perform their duties that is by impr oving the fishing industry in order to reduce poverty and exercise their professions and responsibilities towards controlling the current problem which is poverty.Further more the study will collect information from different sources and use the findings to alert the authorities concerned about the fishing industry and how it will contribute towards reduction poverty. 1. 4 Scope of the study The study will take about 2 weeks in February and will cover Zanzibar as a case study which will be the inclusion of Unguja as it analyses the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. 1. 5Objective of the research 1. 5. 1General objectives. To estimate the extent of fishing industry on poverty reduction in the study area 1. 5. Specific objectives The study will seek to achieve the following: To evaluate the potentiality of fishing in Zanzibar economy To identify problems and opportunities in fishing industry and its marketing in the study area To assess the applica bility of fishing industry towards the reduction of poverty in the study area 1. 6 . Hypothesis of the study The following will be tested in order to assess the validity of both overall and specific objectives. Does the fishing industry leads to the poverty reduction? That is: Null hypothesis (HO): Fisheries improvement is the determinant for poverty reduction.Alternative Hypothesis (Hi): fisheries improvement is not a determinant of poverty reduction. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW. 2. 0. INTRODUCTION This study comprises literature review about the contribution of fishing industry towards the poverty reduction in Zanzibar. These reviews include books, journals, articles and details from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Department. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part deals with Fishing Industry and the second part is a review in Poverty Reduction. 2. 1 Definition of fishingFrom the encyclopedia (Britanica) ; – Fishing involves the recovery of foods and other valuable resources from bodies of water. Fishing involves the extraction of all marine products. – Fishery; is harvesting of as a commercial enterprise or the location or season of commercial fishing. 2. 1 Background of fishing Industry (FDZ) Government of Zanzibar’s involvement in fishing activities started many years ago but because of abundant resources, few fishers and primitive gear, fisheries activities were not considered important.Before 1964 revolution, there was a private fishing corporation under management of the Greeks, which was charged with supervision of all fishing activities in Zanzibar. After the 1964 Revolution, the Government of Zanzibar nationalized the corporation as established it as public enterprise charged with the responsibility of monitoring fishing activities and improving working conditions of the fisher folk. In 1974,the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar formed the Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment.Besides other functions, and key responsibility of the department was directed to supervise and modernize fishery activities. In order to modernize fishing, the department of Fisheries established several centres for coordinating, simplifying and promoting fishing activities. 2. 2 Fishing in Zanzibar’s economy Unguja and Pemba are surrounded by rich marine resources, the people of Zanzibar utilize marine products for subsistence and as a source of income, with fish being among the most important resources and socio-economic activities of the people in Zanzibar economy.Fishing has been conducted in the islands since the dawn of humanity and still continues to be an important coastal activity. Fishing provides employment for men and women and almost all age groups. Fishing activity employs an average of 25% of the population as artisanal fishers and account for an average of 4. 5% of GDP. According to the recent data provided by Ministry of Agricultur e, Livestock and Environment( Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources – Zanzibar),there has been gradual decrease in the GDP accounted from fishing sector.In 2004 GDP for fish had increased to 5% and it kept on increasing in 2005 reaching 5. 9% but from there it went on decreasing in the year 2006 reaching 4. 9%. So in my study i will try to look for the reason of decreasing in this fishing industry and try to look at which ways the government suppose to do to improve it and help the people of Zanzibar that is reduce the poverty. 2. 3 POVERTY REDUCTION Before getting to the concept of Poverty Reduction, the meaning of Poverty should be understood. 2. 4 Definition of poverty According to the World’s encyclopaedia 9:652:3aPoverty is the condition that is said to exist when people lack the means to satisfy their basic needs which are necessary for survival. According to Gerald M. Meir and James E. Rauch in the book Leading Issues in Economic Development (seventh edit ion) ; Poverty is concerned with the absolute standard of living of a part of the society. According to Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith in their book Economic Development ; Poverty is the number of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. it’s a total number living below a specified minimum level of real income – an international poverty line.Most current projections call for the number of persons living in poverty to rise over the current decade but this outcome depends on two factors; – the rate of economic growth – the level of resources devoted to poverty programs and the quality of those programs. 2. 4. 0: Growth and poverty Rapid growth is bad for the poor because they would be bypassed by the structural changes of modern growth. I will try to look how the public expenditures required for the reduction of poverty would entail the reduction in the rate of growth.The poor tend to spend additional income on improve d nutrition, education for children, improvements in housing conditions and other expenditures that especially at poverty levels represent investments rather than consumption. Reasons why policies focused towards reducing poverty levels need not to lead in slower rate of growth ; i. widespread poverty creates conditions in which the poor have no access to credit, are unable to finance their children’s education and the absence of physical or monetary investment opportunities. ii.The low incomes and the low level of living for the poor which are manifested in poor health, nutrition and education can lower their economic productivity and lead to the slower growing economy. iii. Raising the income levels of the poor will stimulate an overall increase in the demand for locally produced necessity products like food and clothing whereas the rich tend to spend on luxury goods. iv. A reduction of mass poverty can stimulate healthy economic expansion by acting as a powerful material a nd psychological incentive to widespread public participation in the development process. CHAPTER THREE . 0: METHODOLOGY. The methodology that will be applied in my study has been chosen in order to acquire information and deduce conclusions about the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction and the alternative measures which should be taken in order to make sure that they adapt to this problem. 3. 1 AREA OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted at mkokotoni fishing site in Zanzibar and the Department of fisheries, where fishermen and officers of fisheries were involved. 3. 2 TARGETED POPULLATION The targeted populations are officials from the Department of Fisheries and the fishermen.As it is not easy to deal with each individual in the department and all the fishermen available in Zanzibar, a research used sampling method that is simple random to get actual respondents and in reducing sampling errors. A sample of 10 to 20 fishermen will be drawn from the populati on. 3. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND TYPE OF INVESTIGATION The main purpose of this study Is to obtain an insight into the current contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. For the above reason, this research will take an exploratory approach.According Sekaran (2002:123) an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past. The aim will be to gain familiarity with the issues, and to gain a deeper understanding about the topic and to come out with the suggestive measures which should be taken to adapt to this problem of fishing industry. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives data will be collected and will use both primary and secondary data.The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by both the researcher in order to build constructively the project and the reader to comprehend more thoroughly the survey outcome. Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with researcher visiting the area. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with I will go to the fishermen and asking them about how there work has contributed towards reduction of poverty. 3. 5 SAMPLING DESIGN Ideally I wanted to study the entire population of fishermen.However, it will be impossible and unfeasible to do this and therefore I must settle for a sample. According to Kothari C. R, sample is a portion of elements taken from a population, which is considered to be representative of the population. In order to collect primary data the questionnaires survey technique will be used. For the purpose of this study I will use both simple random probability sampling and purposive random sampling. Under simple random sampling each of the fisherman found in the area visited will be a ble to provide with information on how he/she contribute to reduction of poverty.Also under purposive random sampling I will be responsible of setting some criteria on whom to interview. 3. 6 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY In order to achieve my goal of this study and get relevant information about this problem I will use both closed and open ended questions. Under the closed ended questions I will narrow the field inquiry and will choose among the fixed responses. This will enable me to analyze my data easier since the responses will be easier to compare. Also the open ended questions will enable me to get new ideas and varieties of information about the problem. 3. 7 THE INTERVIEW SURVEYThe technique of personal interviewing is undertaken in order to reach the objectives since it is the most versatile and productive method of communication, enabled spontaneity, and also provided with: â€Å"The skill of guiding the discussion back to the topic outlined when discussions are unfruitful thoug h it has the disadvantages of being very costly time consuming and can introduce bias through desires of the respondent to please the interviewer. 3. 8 DATA ANALYSIS After collecting the data from the field I will use Microsoft excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).These methods will enable me to draw a valid conclusion of what I will find in the field in relation to the objectives I have put forward. 3. 9 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY As it is the purposes of this study that it helps to investigate the contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction. When I complete this research I will add an important value on the academic part. Also the purpose of this study is to enable me understand on how I can conduct research on different cases. MODEL OF THE STUDY In my study as the qualitative research there is the need of using a model to est the result of the research, here the multiple regression model will be used for the test of my research. The model of my study will be as follows: Y =? 0 + ? 1X1 + ? 2X2 + ? 3X3 + ? 4X4 +  µ Where; Y – stands for Income X1 – stands for education level X2 – stands for technological level X3 – stands for age of the fisherman X4 – stands for financial assistance X5 – stands for family size  µ – stands for Error term as Y stands for dependent variable that is it depends on the changes of its explanatory variables. Independent variables can be explained as follows;Education level- that is if the education level of fisheries is high we expect to have more income and if its low expect low income. Technological level – that is the use of more advanced technology leads to increase in income. Age- as how ages leads to increase in income, that as ages goes up or down leads to increase in income. Financial assistance- that is how the government financially assists this sector as assisted more we expect for more income. Family size – Family size of a respondent was one variable (continuous variable) proposed to influence participation decision.The more number of family members an individual had the more probable to participate in fishing. This is because he will have a labor source. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gerald M. Meier,et al, â€Å" Leading issues in Economic Development† â€Å"seventh edition† Humphrey P. B. et al,. Zanzibar: The challenges of globalization and Poverty reduction Jiddawi N, M. (1997) : Fisheries stock Assessment in the Traditional Fisheries sector. Kothari C. (2004) â€Å"Research Methodology: methods and techniques† New Age international (P) limited, New Delhi. Michael P. T,et al, â€Å"Economic Development† Mkenda, A. 2001 â€Å"Fishery Resources and welfare in Rural Zanzibar†World’s encyclopaedia (Britanica) QUESTIONNARES 1. What is your name?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sex; male ( ) female( ) AGE: 18 – 25| | 26 – 37| | 37 – 57| | Above 57| | MARITAL STATUS: Single| | Married| | Divorced| | Widowed| | Others| | 2. What is your level of education? | Level of education| Tick (v)| A| Primary level | | B| Secondary level| | C| Advanced level| | D| University level| | E| None| | 3. How many children do u have?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Are they participate with you in fishing. Yes ( ) No ( ) 4.For how long have you been working in fishing?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 5. How do you see the development of fishing? Put ( v ) where applicable Increasing/developing? ( ) wasting? ( ) Or you’re not sure? ( ) Specify your answer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6. Are you fishing only here or you are shifting? If shifting, why?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Which tools are you using for fishing? i). Advanced tools ( ) ii). Traditional tools ( ) if others specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8. Are you the owner of the tools you are using? Yes ( ) / No ( ) 9. Is there any other activities you are doing in spite of fishing? Yes( ) / No ( ) If yes tick (v) where applicable i. Farming| | ii. Hunting| | iii. Livestock keeping| | iv. Others| | If others, specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10. Do you have the market for your fishes? Yes( ) / No ( ) Tick (v) where applicable Internationally| |Nationally | | 11. How much money do you get for single fishing? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Do you thing this work of fishing is reducing the hardship of life? Yes ( ) / No ( ) How, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13. Why do you think fishing has been decreasing in these recently years? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA PROPOSAL The contribution of fishing industry towards poverty reduction in Zanzibar. BY Mussa, Hanifu